ZVex™, a dendritic-cell-tropic lentivector, primes protective antitumor T cell responses that are significantly boosted using heterologous vaccine modalities

Therapeutic cancer vaccines must induce high levels of tumor-specific cytotoxic CD8 T cells to be effective. We show here that tumor-antigen specific effector and memory T cell responses primed with a non-integrating, dendritic-cell targeted lentiviral vector (ZVex™) could be boosted significantly by either adjuvanted recombinant protein, adenoviral vectors, or self-replicating RNA. These heterologous prime-boost regimens also provided significantly better protection in murine tumor models. In contrast, homologous prime-boost regimens, or using the lentiviral vector as a boost, resulted in lower T cell responses with limited therapeutic efficacy. Heterologous prime-boost regimens that utilize ZVex as the prime may be attractive modalities for therapeutic cancer vaccines.